Police Interrogation, Psychological Coercion, and Unreliable Statements, Admissions and/or Confessions: Science and Litigation
This program provides criminal defense lawyers with a comprehensive, research-based understanding of modern police interrogation practices and why they so often produce unreliable—and sometimes false—confessions. It traces the development of psychological interrogation in the United States, with a detailed focus on the Reid Method and its core assumptions: that investigators can accurately detect guilt, overcome denials, and elicit truthful confessions without coercion. By breaking down the accusatory, confession-driven techniques actually taught to law enforcement—such as isolation, false evidence ploys, minimization, and implied promises—the program exposes how interrogation is designed to persuade rather than discover truth.
Criminal defense lawyers who watch this program will gain a clear framework for understanding how false and coerced confessions occur. Drawing on decades of social science research, laboratory studies, DNA exonerations, and real-world case data, the program explains the three primary errors that lead to unreliable confessions: misclassification, coercion, and contamination. It identifies situational risk factors like lengthy interrogations and psychological pressure, as well as individual vulnerabilities such as youth, mental illness, cognitive impairment, and suggestibility. These concepts give defense attorneys the language and science needed to explain to courts and juries why a confession can sound convincing—and still be false.
The program also delivers concrete litigation strategies for challenging confession evidence before trial and at trial. Lawyers will learn how to assess whether a confession is suppressible, how to cross-examine interrogators effectively, and how to frame arguments around coercion, contamination, and unreliability. It addresses discovery issues, the importance of recording, and the strategic use of expert witnesses, including psychologists and other specialists. By showing how to answer the two central questions in any false confession case—why the client confessed and how we know it was false—this program equips criminal defense attorneys with powerful tools to suppress confessions, educate fact-finders, and win cases that might otherwise seem unwinnable.
Richard A. Leo, PhD, JD, is the Hamill Family Professor of Law and Psychology at the University San Francisco School of Law. He was previously a tenured professor of psychology and criminology at U.C. Irvine, and prior to that a professor of sociology and adjunct professor of law at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Dr. Leo is one of the leading experts in the world on police interrogation practices, the impact of Miranda, psychological coercion, false confessions, and the wrongful conviction of the innocent. Dr. Leo has authored more than 100 articles in leading scientific and legal journals as well as several books, including the multiple award-winning Police Interrogation and American Justice (Harvard University Press). Dr. Leo has won numerous individual and career achievement awards for research excellence and distinction. His publications have been translated into multiple languages and have been downloaded more than 90,000 times on the Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Dr. Leo has been featured and/or quoted in hundreds of stories in the national print and electronic media, and his research has been cited by numerous appellate courts, including the United States Supreme Court on multiple occasions. He is regularly invited to lecture and present training sessions to lawyers, judges, police, forensic psychologists and other criminal justice professionals. Dr. Leo is also often called to advise and assist practicing attorneys and has served as a litigation consultant and/or expert witness in hundreds of criminal and civil cases. Dr. Leo has worked on many high profile cases involving false confessions. Dr. Leo has also worked on behalf of far more lesser-known victims of coercive interrogation and false confession in cases that never received any media attention.
CLE State Accreditation
- General 1.00
- General CLE-HI: 1.00
- General CLE-SD: 1.00
- General CLE-NY: 1.20
- General CLE-CA: 1.00
- General CLE-IL: 1.00
- General CLE-NV: 1.00
- General CLE-AK: 1.00
- General CLE-MD: 1.00
- General CLE-VT: 1.00
- General CLE-MA: 1.00
- General CLE-DC: 1.00
- General CLE-ND: 1.00
- General CLE-OR: 1.00
- General CLE-WA: 1.00
- General CLE-CT: 1.00
- General CLE-NH: 1.00
- General CLE-FL: 1.20
- General CLE-VI: 1.00
- General CLE-AZ: 1.00
CLE State Accreditation:
- General 1.00
- General CLE-HI: 1.00
- General CLE-SD: 1.00
- General CLE-NY: 1.20
- General CLE-CA: 1.00
- General CLE-IL: 1.00
- General CLE-NV: 1.00
- General CLE-AK: 1.00
- General CLE-MD: 1.00
- General CLE-VT: 1.00
- General CLE-MA: 1.00
- General CLE-DC: 1.00
- General CLE-ND: 1.00
- General CLE-OR: 1.00
- General CLE-WA: 1.00
- General CLE-CT: 1.00
- General CLE-NH: 1.00
- General CLE-FL: 1.20
- General CLE-VI: 1.00
- General CLE-AZ: 1.00